Thomas Adeoye Lambo (1923 – 2004), a Yoruba Nigerian psychiatrist who received his training in London, initiated a culturally responsive psychiatric treatment in Aro village of Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria, in 1954. All through his career, Lambo worked to harness traditional socio-cultural resources for the treatment of mental illness and incorporate them into his medical work. This thesis explores Lambo's understanding of various Nigerian or on broader scale, African religious beliefs regarding mental illness and how they influenced his clinical practice in Aro village. It considers Lambo’s legacies and asks how his works might inform contemporary approaches to addressing mental illness concerns within present day Africa.