Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2009

Abstract

Objectives: Vaccinations protect children against deadly diseases and approximately 30 immunizations are recommended for children by 6 years of age. However, immunization injections cause negative short- and long-term consequences for children. The Gate Control Theory of Pain suggests that physical interventions (e.g., rubbing the site) may be helpful, but they are not well validated for children’s acute pain. This randomized trial examined the effectiveness of the ShotBlocker®, a physical intervention designed to decrease children’s injection pain.

Methods: Participants included 89 4- to 12-year-old children receiving immunizations at a pediatric practice. Participants were randomized to ShotBlocker®, placebo control, or typical care control groups. Measures of child distress included self-report, parent report, healthcare provider report, change in heart rate, and observational behavioral coding.

Results: No group differences were evident on any of the measures of child pain or anxiety when controlling for child age, nor were there any significant interactions of treatment condition with child age. On the observational distress measure, ANCOVAs revealed significantly higher distress in the injection than pre- or post-injection phases, and post-injection distress was higher than pre-injection phase distress, irrespective of treatment condition.

Discussion: The data do not support the effectiveness of the ShotBlocker® for acute pediatric pain relief. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Comments

This article was originally published in The Clinical Journal of Pain. Copyright © 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

The post-peer-reviewed version is posted here with the permission of the author.

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